Q1: What is the fundamental difference between thermal mass flowmeters and volumetric flowmeters?

A: Thermal mass flowmeters measure the actual mass flow rate of gas (such as kg/h, lb/min, or standard cubic meters per hour) directly, while volumetric flowmeters measure the volume of gas passing through the meter (such as actual cubic meters per hour). The key difference is that volumetric measurements are affected by changes in gas pressure and temperature—when pressure increases or temperature decreases, the gas becomes denser, so more mass passes through even though the volumetric flow rate remains the same.

Jade Ant thermal mass flowmeters eliminate this problem by measuring heat transfer, which is directly proportional to mass flow regardless of pressure or temperature changes. This means you don’t need separate pressure and temperature transmitters plus compensation calculations. For applications like compressed air monitoring, energy management, or process control where you need to know the actual amount of gas (not just its volume), thermal mass measurement provides more accurate and meaningful data.

Q2: Can Jade Ant thermal flowmeters measure wet or saturated gases?

A: Jade Ant thermal mass flowmeters are designed and calibrated specifically for dry, clean gases. The presence of moisture, liquid droplets, or condensate on the heated sensor will significantly affect measurement accuracy because liquids have very different thermal properties than gases. When liquid contacts the hot sensor, it absorbs much more heat than gas would, causing erroneously high flow readings.

For gases with moisture content or potential for condensation:

• Install a moisture separator or coalescing filter upstream of the flowmeter to remove liquid droplets
• Heat trace the piping to maintain gas temperature above the dew point
• Install at a high point in the piping system where condensate won’t accumulate
• Consider alternative technologies such as vortex or ultrasonic flowmeters which are less sensitive to moisture

If your application involves saturated steam or wet gases that cannot be dried, please consult Jade Ant technical support to discuss alternative measurement solutions that may be more appropriate.

Q3: What gases can Jade Ant thermal flowmeters measure accurately?

A: Jade Ant thermal mass flowmeters come pre-programmed with thermal properties for over 50 common industrial gases, including:

Common Gases:

• Air (compressed air, instrument air)
• Nitrogen (N₂)
• Oxygen (O₂)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
• Argon (Ar)
• Helium (He)
• Hydrogen (H₂)
• Methane (CH₄)

Fuel Gases:

• Natural Gas (various compositions)
• Propane, Butane, LPG mixtures
• Biogas (methane/CO₂ mixtures)
• Landfill gas

Specialty Gases:

• Ammonia (NH₃)
• Chlorine (Cl₂)
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂)
• Various refrigerants
• And many more

For gas mixtures not in the standard library, Jade Ant offers custom calibration services where we calibrate the meter specifically for your gas composition. If you provide a detailed gas analysis (percentage of each component), we can either:

1. Calculate thermal properties and program the meter accordingly
2. Perform actual flow calibration with your specific gas mixture in our laboratory
3. Provide a multi-gas configuration allowing you to switch between different gases in the field

Important Note: Thermal flowmeters measure gases only, not liquids or steam. For steam applications, please refer to our vortex or differential pressure flowmeter product lines.

Q4: How does gas composition affect thermal flowmeter accuracy, and what happens if my gas composition changes?

A: Thermal mass flow measurement depends fundamentally on two gas properties: specific heat capacity (Cp) et thermal conductivity (k). Different gases have different thermal properties, which is why you must configure the meter for the correct gas type.

If gas composition changes significantly (typically more than 5-10% change in a major component):

• Measurement accuracy will be affected proportionally to the difference in thermal properties
• The error can be positive or negative depending on whether the new composition has higher or lower Cp×k values
• For natural gas, composition variations within typical pipeline specifications (±5% methane content) usually cause errors less than ±1-2%

What to do if composition varies:

1. For minor variations (natural gas from different suppliers, biogas with seasonal changes):

   • Use an average composition for calibration
   • Accept slightly reduced accuracy (typically ±2-3% instead of ±1%)
   • Recalibrate annually based on actual gas analysis

2. For predictable composition changes (switching between two known gas types):

   • Order meter with multi-gas calibration
   • Switch gas type in the configuration menu when composition changes
   • Jade Ant can program up to 5 different gas calibrations in one meter

3. For continuously varying composition (biogas production, mixed waste gases):

   • Consider adding a gas chromatograph or composition analyzer
   • Use the analysis to apply real-time correction factors
   • Or accept thermal flowmeter as an indicator rather than precision measurement

For critical applications with varying composition, consult Jade Ant applications engineers to discuss the best measurement strategy for your specific situation.

Q5: What is the minimum detectable flow rate for thermal mass flowmeters?

A: One of the greatest advantages of thermal mass flowmeters is their exceptional sensitivity to low flows. The minimum detectable flow depends on three factors: pipe size, gas typeet meter configuration.

General Guidelines:

For air or nitrogen in common pipe sizes:

• DN50 (2″): Minimum detectable ~0.05 m/s velocity = approximately 0.3 m³/h
• DN80 (3″): Minimum detectable ~0.05 m/s velocity = approximately 0.8 m³/h
• DN100 (4″): Minimum detectable ~0.05 m/s velocity = approximately 1.2 m³/h

This exceptional low-flow sensitivity makes Jade Ant thermal flowmeters ideal for:

• Leak detection programs where you need to detect small continuous losses
• Compressed air monitoring to identify equipment left running unnecessarily
• Pilot flow measurement in burner control systems
• Purge gas monitoring where flows are intentionally kept very low

Low-Flow Cutoff:

Jade Ant meters include a configurable low-flow cutoff setting (typically 0.5-2% of full scale). Below this threshold:

• The display shows zero to avoid displaying meaningless noise
• The totalizer stops accumulating to prevent false totalization
• The 4-20mA output goes to 4.00 mA

You can adjust this cutoff based on your application needs. For leak detection, set it very low (0.5%). For process control where low flows are not significant, set it higher (2-3%) to provide cleaner control signals.

Q6: How long does the thermal flowmeter take to warm up, and can I use it immediately after power-on?

A: Jade Ant thermal mass flowmeters require a warm-up period of approximately 30 minutes after initial power application before they provide fully accurate readings. This warm-up is necessary because:

1. Thermal stabilization: The sensor heating elements must reach and stabilize at their operating temperature
2. Electronics stabilization: The precision analog circuits must reach thermal equilibrium
3. Baseline establishment: The microprocessor establishes baseline reference values

What happens during warm-up:

• The display may show “WARMING UP” or “WAIT” message
• Flow readings may fluctuate or show non-zero values even with no flow
• Outputs (4-20mA, pulse) may not be accurate
• This is completely normal behavior

Best Practices:

For critical applications requiring immediate measurement after power loss:

• Use UPS backup power to maintain continuous operation through utility outages
• Plan maintenance during scheduled downtime when 30-minute warm-up is acceptable
• Parallel redundancy with a second meter if instant failover is required

For applications with frequent power cycling:

• Consider battery backup option that maintains sensor temperature during short outages
• Configure shorter warm-up mode (15 minutes) with slightly reduced accuracy if acceptable

After the initial warm-up on installation, most users leave the flowmeter powered continuously. The power consumption is very low (<3W for display, <15W total), so continuous operation costs less than $20/year in electricity while ensuring instant readiness.

Q7: Can thermal flowmeters be used in hazardous or explosive atmospheres?

A: Yes, Jade Ant offers explosion-proof and intrinsically safe versions of thermal mass flowmeters certified for installation in hazardous areas where flammable gases, vapors, or combustible dusts may be present.

Available Certifications:

ATEX (European Union):

• Zone 1: Ex d IIB T4 (flameproof enclosure)
• Zone 2: Ex d IIB T4 or Ex nA IIB T4 (flameproof or non-sparking)
• Suitable for gases in Groups IIA, IIB

IECEx (International):

• Ex d IIB T4 Gb (flameproof enclosure)
• Ex nA IIB T4 Gc (non-sparking for Zone 2)

FM Approvals (North America):

• Class I, Division 1, Groups B, C, D
• Class I, Division 2, Groups A, B, C, D

CSA (Canada):

• Class I, Division 1, Groups B, C, D

Important Requirements for Hazardous Area Installation:

1. Specify at time of order – Explosion-proof certification must be factory-configured; cannot be added later
2. Use approved conduit and fittings – All electrical connections must use certified explosion-proof or intrinsically safe components
3. Install sealing fittings as required by code (typically within 18 inches of enclosure entry)
4. Proper grounding is essential – verify ground resistance <1 ohm
5. Do not open enclosure while system is energized in classified areas
6. Follow all warning labels and installation instructions

The explosion-proof versions are slightly larger and heavier than standard models due to the reinforced enclosures required, but measurement performance is identical. Consult Jade Ant at the quote stage to ensure proper configuration for your hazardous area classification.

Q8: What causes sensor drift in thermal flowmeters, and how can it be corrected?

A: Sensor drift refers to a gradual change in the meter’s calibration over time, causing readings to become progressively more inaccurate. Understanding the causes helps prevent drift and correct it when detected.

Primary Causes of Drift:

1. Sensor Contamination (Most Common):

   • Oil carryover from compressors deposits on sensor
   • Particulates from piping corrosion or scale
   • Organic vapors condensing on sensor surface
   • Prevention: Install high-quality filtration; maintain air compressor; use coalescing filters

2. Thermal Cycling Stress:

   • Repeated heating/cooling changes sensor characteristics
   • Particularly problematic with rapid temperature swings
   • Prevention: Avoid installation in extreme temperature locations; use thermal insulation

3. Corrosive Gases:

   • Chemical attack degrades sensor surface
   • More rapid with acidic or chlorinated gases
   • Prevention: Specify corrosion-resistant materials; use protective coatings

4. Mechanical Vibration:

   • Continuous vibration can alter sensor mechanical mounting
   • Prevention: Isolate from vibration sources; use vibration dampeners

Detection of Drift:

Jade Ant thermal flowmeters include automatic drift detection:

• Self-diagnostics compare current performance to factory baseline stored in memory
• Alarm alerts when drift exceeds acceptable thresholds (typically ±2%)
• Trending data shows gradual changes over time

You can also detect drift by:

• Comparing readings to a parallel reference meter
• Checking totalizer against known consumption
• Performing periodic zero-flow verification

Correction Methods:

Minor Drift (<2%):

1. Zero Adjustment: With flow shut off, perform auto-zero procedure from menu (takes 2-5 minutes)
2. Span Adjustment: If reference flow available, adjust span to match known value
3. This can be done in field without removing meter

Moderate Drift (2-5%):

1. Sensor Cleaning: Remove and clean sensor per maintenance procedure
2. Re-zero after cleaning
3. Verify with known flow if possible

Severe Drift (>5%):

1. Return for factory recalibration – full multi-point calibration on traceable flow standards
2. Sensor replacement if contamination cannot be cleaned or sensor damaged
3. Typically required every 3-5 years in harsh applications, 5-10 years in clean applications

Jade Ant Advantage:

Our advanced microprocessors include adaptive drift compensation algorithms that continuously learn sensor characteristics and automatically apply minor corrections. This extends calibration intervals significantly compared to competitive products using simpler electronics.

Q9: How do I select the correct pipe size for my thermal mass flowmeter application?

A: Proper meter sizing is critical for accuracy, rangeability, and cost-effectiveness. Unlike some other flowmeter technologies, thermal mass flowmeters should generally be sized for the actual pipe size (not downsized) because:

1. Thermal meters have very wide turndown ratios (100:1), so they can handle low flows accurately even in larger pipes
2. Downsizing increases pressure drop and installation cost
3. The sensor measures a representative sample of the flow stream

Sizing Procedure:

Step 1: Determine Your Flow Rates

• Maximum flow rate: Highest flow you’ll ever measure
• Normal flow rate: Typical operating condition (most important)
• Minimum flow rate: Lowest flow you need to measure accurately

Step 2: Determine Operating Conditions

• Gas type and composition
• Operating pressure (absolute)
• Operating temperature
• Standard reference conditions if expressing mass in standard volumes (e.g., SCFM)

Step 3: Calculate Flow Velocity

Velocity (m/s) = Volumetric Flow (m³/h) ÷ [Pipe Area (m²) × 3600]

Optimal Velocity Ranges:

• Minimum: 0.5 m/s (for good accuracy)
• Normal: 3-15 m/s (best accuracy)
• Maximum: 40 m/s (velocity limit before erosion concerns)

Step 4: Select Meter Size

Generally, select a meter matching your pipe size if normal flow velocity is within 2-25 m/s.

Example:

Application: Compressed air monitoring

• Pipe size: DN80 (3-inch)
• Maximum flow: 500 SCFM
• Normal flow: 200 SCFM
• Minimum flow: 20 SCFM
• Pressure: 7 bar gauge (8 bar absolute)
• Temperature: 25°C

Convert to actual conditions:

• Actual volumetric flow at normal = 200 SCFM × (1.013/8) = 25.3 actual CFM = 43 m³/h

Velocity check:

• Pipe area for DN80 = 0.00503 m²
• Velocity = 43 ÷ (0.00503 × 3600) = 2.4 m/s ✓ (within optimal range)

Recommendation: DN80 Jade Ant Thermal Mass Flowmeter

• This size will accurately measure across the full range (20-500 SCFM)
• Turndown ratio utilized: 500÷20 = 25:1 (well within 100:1 capability)

When to Downsize:

Consider a smaller meter only if:

• Normal flow velocity would be <1 m/s in the actual pipe size
• Budget is extremely limited and slightly higher pressure drop is acceptable
• Installation space is severely constrained

Jade Ant Sizing Service:

Unsure about sizing? Contact Jade Ant applications engineering with your flow data, and we’ll provide a free sizing calculation and recommendation within 24 hours. We can also provide multiple options if your flow rates vary significantly.

Q10: Can the same thermal flowmeter measure different gases by changing the configuration?

A: Yes, with limitations. Jade Ant thermal flowmeters can be configured at the factory for multi-gas operation, allowing you to switch between different gases in the field by simply changing a menu setting. However, there are important considerations:

How Multi-Gas Configuration Works:

1. Factory Calibration: The meter is calibrated for each specific gas you specify (up to 5 different

   gases) 2. Stored Calibration Data: Each gas calibration is stored in non-volatile memory with its specific thermal properties and correction factors 3. Field Selection: The operator selects the active gas type from the configuration menu 4. Automatic Compensation: The meter applies the correct calibration for the selected gas

   When Multi-Gas Operation Works Well:

   Ideal Scenarios:

   • Similar Thermal Properties: Gases with comparable specific heat and thermal conductivity (e.g., air and nitrogen differ by only ~3%)
   • Sequential Processes: Applications where you measure different gases at different times, not simultaneously
   • Known Gas Switching: You know exactly when gas type changes (e.g., nitrogen purge vs. process air)

   Common Multi-Gas Applications:

   • Nitrogen purging systems that also measure air during startup
   • Laboratory gas distribution systems with multiple gases to different users
   • Process equipment that uses different gases for different production recipes
   • Pilot plants or R&D facilities testing various gas mixtures

   Accuracy Considerations:

   • For similar gases (air/N₂/O₂): Accuracy typically ±1.5-2% for each gas
   • For very different gases (He vs. CO₂): Accuracy may be ±2-3% due to wider differences in thermal properties
   • Single-gas calibration is always more accurate: If you measure only one gas, single-gas calibration provides ±1% accuracy

   Limitations and When NOT to Use Multi-Gas:

   Not Recommended For:

   1. Automatic gas detection: Thermal meters cannot identify which gas is flowing; you must tell it
   2. Gas mixtures with varying composition: If natural gas composition varies continuously, multi-gas doesn’t help
   3. Simultaneous multi-component mixtures: Cannot measure a mixture of gases unless specifically calibrated for that exact mixture
   4. Widely different thermal properties: Helium and CO₂, for example, may not calibrate well on the same sensor

   Alternative Solutions:

   If your application involves:

   • Unknown gas mixtures: Consider adding a gas chromatograph or composition analyzer
   • Continuously varying composition: Custom calibration for the average composition with acceptance of ±2-3% accuracy
   • Critical accuracy requirements: Use dedicated single-gas meters for each gas stream

   Ordering Multi-Gas Configuration:

   When ordering, specify:

   • All gas types you need to measure
   • Expected flow ranges for each gas
   • Whether gases will be measured simultaneously or sequentially
   • Accuracy requirements for each gas

   Jade Ant will recommend whether multi-gas configuration is appropriate or if separate meters would be better for your application.